Collision Risk Evidence Base

As part of the risk retirement process, OES-Environmental has developed "evidence bases" for several key stressor-receptor interactions. The evidence bases are lists of key research papers and monitoring reports for each stressor-receptor interaction that informs risk retirement for small numbers of marine renewable energy devices. The evidence bases have been reviewed by international subject matter experts at conferences and online workshops as part of OES-Environmental's outreach and engagement strategy.

The collision risk evidence base consists of key research studies and reports that define what we understand about the risk of collision with tidal turbines for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds. Additional information on collision risk can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science (Chapter 3), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The visual fields of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica): foraging, vigilance and collision vulnerability Martin, G., Wanless, S. Journal Article Collision Birds, Seabirds
Understanding the Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with a Tidal Turbine Copping, A., Jepsen, R., Grear, M., Gorton, A., Chartrand, C. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Advancing a Key Consenting Risk for Tidal Energy: The Risk of Marine Mammal Collision for In-Stream Tidal Energy Devices Booth, C., Sparling, C., Wood, J., Tollitt, D., Scott-Heyward, L., Rexstad, E., Hultgren, Y., Johnsson, M., Knutzen, E. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Improvements to Probabilistic Tidal Turbine-Fish Interaction Model Parameters Tomichek, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish, Demersal Fish
A Probabilistic Model for Hydrokinetic Turbine Collision Risks: Exploring Impacts on Fish Hammar, L., Eggertsen, L., Andersson, S., Ehnberg, J., Arvidsson, R., Gullström, M., Molander, S. Journal Article Marine Energy Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Evaluation of Behavior and Survival of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine Amaral, S., Bevelhimer, M., Cada, G., Giza, D., Jacobson, P., McMahon, B., Pracheil, B. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Fish Interactions with a Commercial-Scale Tidal Energy Device in the Natural Environment Viehman, H., Zydlewski, G. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Pelagic Fish, Fish
Survival and Behavioral Effects of Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad Castro-Santos, T., Haro, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Pelagic Fish, Fish
Estimates of Collision Risk of Harbour Porpoises and Marine Renewable Energy Devices at Sites of High Tidal-Stream Energy Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Elliot, J., Gordon, J., Macaulay, J., Calderan, S., van Geel, N. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Simulating Blade-Strike on Fish Passing Through Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines Romero-Gomez, P., Richmond, M. Journal Article Tidal, Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Using a Spatial Overlap Approach to Estimate the Risk of Collisions between Deep Diving Seabirds and Tidal Stream Turbines: A Review of Potential Methods and Approaches Waggitt, J., Scott, B. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Birds
A Diving Bird Collision Risk Assessment Framework for Tidal Turbines Grant, M., Trinder, M., Harding, N. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds
Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade Carlson, T., Grear, M., Copping, A., Halvorsen, M., Jepsen, R., Metzinger, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Hydrokinetic Turbine Effects on Fish Swimming Behaviour Hammar, L., Andersson, S., Eggertsen, L., Haglund, J., Gullström, M., Ehnberg, J., Molander, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Demersal Fish
Biological and Existing Data Analysis to Inform Risk of Collision and Entanglement Hypotheses Kropp, R. Report Marine Energy, Wave Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Diving Behaviour of Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential for Interactions with Tidal Stream Energy Developments Masden, E., Foster, S., Jackson, A. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Birds
Simulating Collisions for Hydrokinetic Turbines Richmond, M., Romero-Gomez, P., Rakowski, C. Report Marine Energy Collision Fish
Tracking Marine Mammals Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices Using Active Sonar Hastie, G. Report Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Laboratory Experiments on the Effects of Blade Strike from Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies on Larval and Juvenile Freshwater Fishes Schweizer, P., Cada, G., Bevelhimer, M. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Fish
Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines Amaral, S., Perkins, N., Giza, D., McMahon, B. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Fish
Fish Passage Through Turbines: Application of Conventional Hydropower Data to Hydrokinetic Technologies Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report Marine Energy, Riverine Collision Fish
Short Term Temporal Behavioural Responses in Pollack, Pollachius pollachius to Marine Tidal Turbine Devices; a Combined Video and ADCP Doppler Approach Broadhurst, M., Barr, S. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Fish, Demersal Fish
Estimation of the Risks of Collision or Strike to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms Resulting from Operation of Instream Hydrokinetic Turbines Schweizer, P., Cada, G., Bevelhimer, M. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Fish
Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Collision Fish
Collision Risks Between Marine Renewable Energy Devices and Mammals, Fish and Diving Birds Wilson, B., Batty, R., Daunt, F., Carter, C. Report Marine Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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