TY - RPRT
TI - Bird fluxes, flight and avoidance behaviour of birds in offshore wind farm Luchterduinen
AU - Leemans, J
AU - van Bemmelen, R
AU - Middelveld, R
AU - Kraal, J
AU - Bravo Rebolledo, E
AU - Beuker, D
AU - Kuiper, K
AU - Gyimesi, A
AB - The main aim of this project was to improve measurements on input parameters of collision risk models, such as the Band model (Band 2012). The focus of our project laid on carrying out measurements on the parameters empirical meso- and macro-avoidance and species specific fluxes. We assessed how birds respond to wind farm Luchterduinen at two different scales (figure 1.2.1), based on the same definitions as used in the ORJIP study (Skov et al. 2018):1. Macro-avoidance: avoidance of the wind farm as a whole, within an area of 3 km distance from the wind farm up to the rotor-swept zone (and a 10 m buffer around it) of the outermost line of wind turbines;2. Meso-avoidance: anticipatory or impulsive evasion of rows of turbines within the wind farm up to the rotor-swept zone and a 10 m buffer around it.The last component of avoidance behaviour, micro-avoidance (i.e. last-second action toavoid collision with the turbine blades within the rotor-swept-zone and a 10 m buffer aroundit) is not part of the current study and will be measured within the MEP-LUD researchconducted by DHI, under the license obligation of Eneco, the owner of Luchterduinen. Thetwo projects will be integrated in a later phase to provide a complete understanding of birdfluxes, number of collisions and macro-, meso- and micro-avoidance in the Luchterduinenwind farm.In addition, also measurements on the variables flight height and flight speeds werehighlighted as necessary to further improve collision risk models. Besides these mainresearch questions, we aimed to bring the understanding further on which factorsdetermine the number, species composition and spatial distribution of birds in and aroundwind farm Luchterduinen.To answer these research questions radar measurements and visual observation wereused. Bird radars are capable of simultaneously tracking multiple birds in a relatively largearea, which cameras or visual observers cannot achieve. The radar database relied mainlyon automatic filtering of the bird radar itself, but also post-processing took place in order toapproach actual bird flight intensities. However, radars do not provide species-specificinformation. Therefore, besides monitoring and analysing the radar data, we also collectedspecies-specific data in Luchterduinen, by carrying out visual observations.  
CY - Culemborg, Netherlands
DA - 2022/11//
PY - 2022
SP - 145
PB - Bureau Waardenburg bv
SN - 22-078
UR - https://www.noordzeeloket.nl/publish/pages/216417/bird-fluxes-flight-and-avoidance-behavior-birds-in-offshore-wind-farm-luchterduinen.pdf
LA - English
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Fixed Offshore Wind
KW - Attraction
KW - Avoidance
KW - Collision
KW - Birds
KW - Passerines
KW - Seabirds
KW - Waterfowl
ER -