TY - RPRT TI - Evaluating Tools and Technologies for Monitoring Baleen Whales During Offshore Wind Foundation Installation AU - Szesciorka, A AU - Severy, M AU - Ampela, K AU - Hein, C AU - Richlen, M AU - Haxel, J AU - Clerc, J AB - Offshore wind energy facilities are being planned and installed in United States waters in accordance with regulations and processes designed to avoid negative effects on federally-protected baleen whales and other marine mammals. Potential impacts to baleen whales associated with offshore wind farm construction are of particular concern because of their conservation status, the overlap of their habitat with existing and planned offshore wind energy facilities, and their expected sensitivity to low-frequency sounds, such as those produced during pile driving. Therefore, this report focuses on monitoring technologies capable of detecting this species group. The ability to install offshore wind turbine foundations in low- to no-visibility conditions is of interest to developers because it increases construction flexibility and reduces the duration of in-water foundation installation activities. Several available monitoring technologies have the potential to detect whales in low- and no-light conditions (e.g., passive acoustic monitoring systems, infrared camera systems), but no standardized approach exists to characterize the functional performance of these technologies. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, with support from the U.S. Department of Energy and input from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, assessed the current state of technologies and methods for monitoring baleen whales in low- and no-light conditions during installation of fixed-bottom turbine foundations. In developing the report, the labs engaged with stakeholders during public workshops, organized by the Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative, and recruited subject matter experts for interviews and peer review. Based on this feedback, the labs then developed technology-specific reviews and a standardized framework to help guide offshore wind energy project developers and technology designers as they navigate these technological challenges. The report provides documentation about key performance metrics, a synthesis of the state of monitoring technology performance, a potential framework to standardize technology characterization, and recommendations for research, development, and deployment. Although this report is specific to baleen whale monitoring technologies during installation of fixed-bottom wind turbine foundations, the monitoring technologies and the proposed framework could be applicable to other marine mammal species and aspects of offshore wind energy development, with the caveat that other marine mammal species have behaviors (e.g., surfacing and calling rates) that differ from baleen whales and may require a modified approach.ReferencesThe table below contains the relevant literature to this report.TitleAuthorDateContent TypeTechnologyStressorReceptorMarine mammal census using space satellite imageryAbileah, R.2002Journal Article Marine MammalA Convolutional Neural Network for Automated Detection of Humpback Whale Song in a Diverse, Long-Term Passive Acoustic DatasetAllen, A. N.; Harvey, M.; Harrell, L.; et al.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansBest Practices Guidelines for Cetacean TaggingAndrews, R. D.; Baird, R. W.; Calambokidis, J.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMarine Mammal Bioacoustics Using Towed Array Systems in the Western South Atlantic OceanAndriolo, A.; de Castro, F. R.; Amorim, T.; et al.2018Journal Article Marine MammalQuantitative PCR Assays to Detect Whales, Rockfish, and Uncommon Murre Environmental DNA in Marine Water Samples of the Northeastern PacificAndruszkiewicz, E. A.; Yamahara, K. M.; Closek, C. J.; et al.2020Journal Article Biomonitoring of Marine Vertebrates in Monterey Bay using eDNA MetabarcodingAndruszkiewicz, E. A.; Starks, H. A.; Chavez, F. P.; et al.2017Journal Article Machine-Learning Approach for Automatic Detection of Wild Beluga Whales from Hand-Held Camera PicturesAraœjo, V. M.; Shukla, A.; Chion, C.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansSatellite Telemetry Reveals Spatial Overlap Between Vessel High-Traffic Areas and Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Near the Mouth of the Chesapeake BayAschettino, J. M.; Engelhaupt, D. T.; Engelhaupt, A. G.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAcoustic Reflectivity of a DolphinAu, W. W. L.1996Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansSmall Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Cetaceans on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kaua'i, in February 2024Baird. R. W.; Harnish, A. E.; Andrews, R. D.; et al.2024Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansInfrared Detection of Marine MammalsBaldacci, A.; Carron, M. J.; Portunato, N.2005Report Marine MammalA Comparison of Baleen Whale Density Estimates Derived from Overlapping Satellite Imagery and a Shipborne SurveyBamford, C. C. G.; Kelly, N.; Dalla Rosa, L.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMitigating, Monitoring, and Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Beaked WhalesBarlow, J.; Gisiner, R.2006Journal Article NoiseMarine Mammals, CetaceansEstimates of Sperm Whale Abundance in the Northeastern Temperate Pacific from a Combined Acoustic and Visual SurveyBarlow, J.; Taylor, B. L.2005Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansEvaluating the efficacy of real-time passive acoustic monitoring near offshore wind energy development activities to help mitigate risks to North Atlantic right whalesBaumgartner, M.2024PresentationWind Energy Marine Mammals, CetaceansNear Real-Time Detection of Low Frequency Baleen Whale Calls from an Autonomous Surface Vehicle: Implementation, Evaluation, and Remaining ChallengesBaumgartner, M. F.; Ball, K.; Partan, J.; et al.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansPersistent Near Real-Time Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Baleen Whales from a Moored Buoy: System Description and EvaluationBaumgartner, M. F.; Bonnell, J.; Van Parijs, S. M.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansDiel Periodicity in both Sei Whale Vocalization Rates and the Vertical Migration of their Copepod Prey Observed from Ocean GlidersBaumgartner, M. F.; Fratantoni, D. M.2008Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansReal-Time Reporting of Baleen Whale Passive Acoustic Detections from Ocean GlidersBaumgartner, M. F.; Fratantoni, D. M.; Hurst, T. P.; et al.2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansA Generalized Baleen Whale Call Detection and Classification SystemBaumgartner, M. F.; Mussoline, S. E.2011Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansGlider-Based Passive Acoustic Monitoring in the ArcticBaumgartner, M. F.; Stafford, K. M.; Winsor, P.; et al.2024Journal Article Marine MammalSimulation of Infrared Detection Range at Fog Conditions for Enhanced Vision Systems in Civil AviationBeier, K.; Gemperlein, H.2004Journal Article ORCA-SPOT: An Automated Killer Whale Sound Detection Toolkit Using Deep LearningBergler, C.; Schršter, H.; Cheng, R. X.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansFin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Target Strength MeasurementsBernasconi, M.; Patel, R.; N¿ttestad, L.; et al.2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomatic Detection of Whales Near Seismic Vessels Using ThermographyBoebel, O.; Zitterbart, D. P.2013Conference Paper Marine Mammals, CetaceansRange Estimation of a Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Calls in the Arctic Using a Single HydrophoneBonnel, J.; Thode, A. M.; Blackwell, S. B.2014Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansNonlinear Time-Warming Made Simple: A Step-by-Step Tutorial on Underwater Acoustical Modal Separation with a Single HydrophoneBonnel, J.; Thode, A. M.; Wright, D.; et al.2020Journal Article Assessing the Viability of Density Estimation for Cetaceans from Passive Acoustic Fixed Sensors Throughout the Life Cycle of an Offshore E&P Field DevelopmentBooth, C. G; Oedekoven, C. S.; Gillespie, D.; et al.2017Report Marine MammalBehavioral Responses of Humpback Whales to Food-Related Chemical StimuliBouchard, B.; Barnagaud, J. Y.; Poupard, M.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansImage Compression in Digital CamerasBazhyna, A.2009Thesis Gliders for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of the Oceanic EnvironmentCauchy, P.; Heywood, K. J.; Merchant, N. D.; et al.2023Journal Article Comparison of Visual and Acoustic Surveys for the Detection and Dynamic Management of North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in CanadaCeballos, V.; Taggart, C.; Johnson, H.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAdvanced Image Recognition: A Fully Automated, High-Accuracy Photo-Identification Matching System for Humpback WhalesCheeseman, T.; Southerland, K.; Park, J.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansA Collaborative and Near-Comprehensive North Pacific Humpback Whale Photo-ID DatasetCheeseman, T.; Southerland, K; Acebes, J. M.; et al.2023Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAcoustic Behavior of Mysticete WhalesClark, C. W. 1990Book Chapter Marine Mammals, CetaceansVisual and Acoustic Surveys for North Atlantic Right Whales, Eubalaena glacialis, in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, 2001-2005: Management ImplicationsClark, C. W.; Brown, M. W.; Corkeron, P.2010Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMarine Vertebrate Biodiversity and Distribution Within the Central California Current Using Environment DNA (eDNA) Metabarcoding and Ecosystem SurveysClosek, C. J.; Santora, J. A.; Starks, H. A.; et al.2019Journal Article Use of Satellite Imagery to Identify Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) on a Southwest Atlantic Ocean Breeding GroundCorra, A. A.; Quoos, J. H.; Barreto, A. S.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansWhales From Space: Four Mysticete Species Described Using New VHR Satellite ImageryCubaynes, H. C.; Fretwell, P. T.; Bamford, C.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansThermal Infrared Radiation from Free Living WhalesCuyler, L. C.; Wiulsr¿d, R.; ¯Ritsland, N. A.1992Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansBeyond Counting Calls: Estimating Detection Probability for Antarctic Blue Whales Reveals Biological Trends in Seasonal Callingde Castro, F. R.; Harris, D. V.; Buchan, S. J.; et al.2024Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMonitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas, Part II: Monitoring Guidance SpecificationsDekeling, R. P. A.; Tasker, M. L.; Van der Graaf, A. J.; et al.2014Report Noise The Impact of Urban and Traffic Noise on BirdsDooling, R. J. 2019Journal Article Noise Communication Masking by Man-Made NoiseDooling, R. J.; Leek, M. R.2018Book Chapter Noise Foraging and Ingestive Behaviors of Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus, in Response to Chemical Stimulus CuesDove, A. D. M. 2015Journal Article Airborne Measurements of the Acoustic Characteristics of a Sperm WhaleDunn, J. L. 1969Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansPerspectives in Visual Imaging for Marine Biology and Ecology: From Acquisition to UnderstandingDurden, J. M.; Schoening, T.; Althaus, F.; et al.2016Book Chapter Subsurface Automated Samplers for eDNA (SASe) for Biological Monitoring and ResearchFormel, N.; Enochs, I. C.; Sinigalliano, C.; et al.2021Journal Article Whales from Space: Counting Southern Right Whales by SatelliteFretwell, P. T.; Staniland, I. J.; Forcada, J.2014Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansSea-Surface Dimethylsulfide (DMS) Concentration from Satellite Data at Global and Regional ScalesGal’, M.; Levasseur, M.; Devred, E.; et al.2018Journal Article Target Strengths and Echotraces of Whales and Seals in the Canadian Beaufort SeaGeoggroy, M.; Rousseau, S.; Knudsen, F. R. ; et al.2016Journal Article Marine MammalOptimizing Passive Acoustic Systems for Marine Mammal Detection and Localization: Application to Real-Time Monitoring North Atlantic Right Whales in Gulf of St. LawrenceGervaise, C.; Simard, Y.; Aulanier, F.; et al.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomatic Detection and Classification of Odontocete WhistlesGillespie, D.; Caillat, M.; Gordon, J.; et al.2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomated Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals in the Vicinity of Tidal Turbines Using Multibeam SonarGillespie, D.; Hastie, G.; Montabaranom, J.; et al.2023Journal ArticleCurrent, TidalCollisionMarine Mammals, CetaceansPAMGUARD: Semiautomated, Open-Source Software for Real-Time Acoustic Detection and Localization of Cetaceans Gillespie, D.; Mellinger, D. K.; Gordon, J.; et al.2009Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMarine Mammal HiCUP: A High Current Underwater Platform for the Long-Term Monitoring of Fine-Scale Marine Mammal Behavior Around Tidal TurbinesGillespie, D.; Oswald, M.; Hastie, G.; et al.2022Journal ArticleCurrent, Tidal Marine MammalsPassive Acoustic Methods for Tracking the 3D Movements of Small Cetaceans Around Marine StructuresGillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macaulay, J.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceanseDNA Metabarcodings as a Biomonitoring Tool for Marine Protected AreasGold, Z.; Sprague, J.; Kushner, D. J.; et al.2021Journal Article Blue Whales Respond to Simulated Mid-Frequency Military SonarGoldbogen, J. A.; Southall, B. L.; DeRuiter, S. L.; et al.2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansLand-Based Infrared Imagery for Marine Mammal DetectionGraber, J.; Thomson, J.; Polagye, B.; et al.2011Conference PaperCurrent, Tidal Marine Mammals, CetaceansEquipment Performance Report for the Drifting Acoustic Spar Buoy Recorder (DASBR)Griffiths, E. T.; Barlow, J.2015Report Migratory Behavior of Eastern North Pacific Gray Whales Tracked Using a Hydrophone ArrayGuazzo, R. A.; Helble, T. A.; D'pain, G. L.; et al.2017Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMigrating Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale Call and Blow Rates Estimated from Acoustic Recordings, Infrared Camera Video, and Visual SightingsGuazzo, R. A.; Weller, D. W.; Europe, H. M.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansWhale Counting in Satellite and Aerial Images with Deep LearningGuirado, E.; Tabik, S.; Rivas, M. L.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansA Review of Climate Change Effects on Marine Mammals in United States Waters: Past Predictions, Observed Impacts, Current Research, and Conservation ImperativesGulland, F. M. D.; Baker, J. D.; Howe, M.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine MammalsSatellite Telemetry of Marine Megavertebrates: The Coming of Age of an Experimental ScienceHart, K. M.; Hyrenbach, K. D.2009Journal Article Three-Dimensional Movements of Harbour Seals in a Tidally Energetic Channel: Application of Novel Sonar Tracking SystemHastie, G. D.; Bivins, M.; Coram, A.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, PinnipedsAutomated Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals: A Novel Sonar Tool for Monitoring Effects of Marine IndustryHastie, G. D.; Wu, G. M.; Moss, S.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, PinnipedsA Generalized Power-Law Detection Algorithm for Humpback Whale VocalizationsHelble, T. A.; Ierley, G. R.; D'pain, G. L.; et al.2012Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomated Acoustic Localization and Call Association for Vocalizing Humpback Whales on the Navy' Pacific Missile Range FacilityHelble, T. A.; Ierley, G. R.; D'pain, G. L.; et al.2015Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAssessing Exposure and Responses of Satellite-Tagged Blainville' Beaked Whales on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawai'i Hendeson, E. E.; Kratofil, M. A.; Baird, R. W.; et al.2024Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansPerformance Metrics for Marine Mammal Signal Detection and Classification Hildebrand, J. A.; Frasier, K. E.; Helble, T. A.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansCompact and Automated eDNA Sampler for In Situ Monitoring of Marine EnvironmentsHendricks, A.; Mackie, C. M.; Luy, E.; et al.2023Journal Article Individual North Atlantic Right Whales Identified from SpaceHodul, M.; Knudby, A.; McKenna, B.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansDoctor Drone: Non-Invasive Measurement of Humpback Whale Vital Signs Using Unoccupied Aerial System Infrared ThermographyHorton, T. W.; Hauser, N.; Cassel, S.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansThermal Imaging and Biometrical Thermography of Humpback WhalesHorton, T. W.; Oline, A.; Hauser, N.; et al.2017Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansReview on Infrared Imaging TechnologyHou, F.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; et al.2022Journal Article Automated Detection and Identification of Blue and Fin Whale Foraging Calls by Combining Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning TechniquesHuang, H. C.; Joseph, J.; Huang, M. J.; et al.2016Conference Paper Marine Mammals, CetaceansAn At-Sea Assessment of Argos Location Accuracy for Three Species of Large Whales, and the Effect of Deep-Diving Behavior on Location ErrorIrvine, L. M.; Winsor, M. H.; Follett, T. M.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansCompression of Spectral ImagesKaarna. A. 2007Journal Article SeaGen Environmental Monitoring Programme: Final ReportKeenan, G.; Sparling, C.; Williams, H.; et al.2011ReportCurrent, Tidal Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact AssessmentA Biologist' Guide to the Galaxy: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Very High-Resolution Satellite Imagery to Monitor Marine Mammals from Space Khan, C. B.; Goetz, K. T.; Cubaynes, H. C.; et al.2023Journal Article Marine MammalsThe Energy Ratio Mapping Algorithm. A Tool to Improve the Energy-Based Detection of Odontocete Echolocation Clicks Klinck, H.; Mellinger, D. K.2011Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansEvaluation of Fisheries Sonar for Whale Detection in Relation to Seismic Survey Operations Knudsen, F. R.; Gammelster, O. B.; Kvadsheim, P. H.; et al.2008Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansNear Real-Time Marine Mammal Monitoring From Gliders: Practical Challenges, System Development, and Management ImplicationsKowarski, K. A.; Gaudet, B. J.; Cole, A. J.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine MammalsCetacean Population Density Estimation from Single Fixed Sensors Using Passive AcousticsKŸsel, E. T.; Mellinger, D. K.; Thomas, L.; et al.2011Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansSource Level and Bistatic Target Strength of the Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon) Measured from an Oceanographic AircraftLevenson, C.1974Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansCalculating Sighting Distances from Angular Readings During Shipboard, Aerial, and Shore-Based Marine Mammal SurveysLerczak, J. A.; Hobbs, R. C.1998Journal Article Marine MammalsTarget Strengths of Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliaeLove, R. H.1973Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansConvergence of Emerging Technologies: Development of a Risk-Based Paradigm for Marine Mammal Monitoring for Offshore Wind Energy OperationsMacrander. A. M.; Brzuzy, L.; Raghukumar, K.; et al.2022Journal ArticleWind Energy Marine MammalsChoosing Equipment for Animal Bioacoustic researchMadhusudhana, S.; Pavan, G.; Miller, L. A.; et al.2022Book Chapter Digital Photography Improves Efficiency of Individual Dolphin IdentificationMarkowitz, T. M.; Harlin, A.; WŸrsig, B.2003Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansEstimating Animal Population Density Using Passive AcousticsMarques, T. A.; Thomas, L.; Martin, S. W.; et al.2013Journal Article Estimating Cetacean Population Density Using Fixed Passive Acoustic Sensors: An Example with Blainville' Beaked WhalesMarques, T. A.; Thomas, L.; Ward, J.; et al.2009Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAn Overview of North Atlantic Right Whale Acoustic Behavior, Hearing Capabilities, and Responses to Sound Matthews, L. P.; Parks, S. E.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansUse of Digital Photography and Analysis of Dorsal Fins for Photo-Identification of Bottlenose DolphinsMazzoil, M.; McCulloch, S.; Defran, R.; et al.2024Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansIshmael 1.0 User' GuideMellinger, D. K. 2002Report Recognizing Transient Low-Frequency Whale Sounds by Spectrogram CorrelationMellinger, D. K.; Clark., C. W.2000Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansA Method for Detecting Whistles, Moans, and Other Frequency Contour Sounds Mellinger, D. K.; Marin, S. W., Morrissey, R. P.; et al.2011Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAnalysis of the Behavioural Response of Fin and Humpback Whales to an Icebreaker Using a Thermal Imaging Based Whale Detection SystemMichel, H. 2015Thesis Marine Mammals, CetaceansActive High Frequency Phased Array Sonar for Whale Shipstrike Avoidance: Target Strength MeasurementsMiller, J. H.; Potter, D. C.2001Conference Paper Marine Mammals, CetaceansThe Target Strength of the Northern Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Miller, J. H.; Potter, D. C.; Weber, T.; et al.1999Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansReal-Time Tracking of Blue Whales Using DIFAR SonobuoysMiller, M. S. 2012Conference Paper Marine Mammals, CetaceansAdvances in Ecosystem Research: Saildrone Surveys of Oceanography, Fish, and Marine Mammals in the Bering SeaMordy, C. W.; Cokelet, E. E.; De Robertis, A.; et al.2017Journal Article Hybrid Framework for Categorising Sounds of Mysticete WhalesNtalampiras. S. 2017Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansHigh Sensitivity Monitoring Device for Onboard Measurement of Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethlysulfoniopropionate in Seawater and an Oceanic AtmosphereOkane, D.; Koveke, E. P.; Tashima, K.; et al.2019Journal Article Side-Scan Sonar Records and Diver Observations of the Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Feeding GroundsOliver, J. S.; Kvitek, R. G.1984Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansNatural Dimethyl Sulfide Gradients Would Lead Marine Predators to Higher Prey BiomassOwen, K.; Saeki, K.; Warren, J. D.; et al.2021Journal Article A Satellite-Linked Tag for the Long-Term Monitoring of Diving Behavior in Large WhalesPalacios, D. M.; Irvine, L. M.; Lagerquist, B. A.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansTracking North Pacific Humpback Whales To Unravel Their Basin-Wide MovementsPalacios, D. M.; Mate, B. R.; Baker, C. S.; et al.2019Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansSound Production Behavior of Individual North Atlantic Right Whales: Implications for Passive Acoustic MonitoringParks, S. E.; Searby, A.; AurŽlie, C.; et al.2011Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansDiel Variation in Migration Rates of Eastern Pacific Gray Whales Measured with Thermal Imaging SensorsPerryman, W. L.; Donahue, M. A.; Laake, J. L.; et al.1999Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansOptical Detection of Marine MammalsPodobna, Y.; Schoonmaker, J.; Boucher, C.; et al.2009Conference Paper Marine MammalA Wave Glider-Based, Towed Hydrophone Array System for Autonomous, Real-Time, Passive Acoustic Marine Mammal MonitoringPremus, V. E.; Abbot, P. A.; Kmelnitsky, V.; et al.2022Report Marine MammalA Summary Comparison of Active Acoustic Detections and Visual Observations of Marine Mammals in the Canadian Beaufort SeaPyc, C. D.; Geoffroy, M.; Knudsen, F. R.2016Book Chapter Marine MammalAn evaluation of active acoustic methods for detection of marine mammals in the Canadian Beaufort SeaPyc, C. D.; Geoffroy, M.; Knudsen, F. R.2016Journal Article Marine MammalMark Recapture Distance Sampling: Using Acoustics to Estimate the Fraction of Dolphins Missed by Observers During Shipboard Line-Transect SurveysRankin, S.; Oedekoven, C.; Archer, F.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomatic Detection and Classification of Baleen Whale Social Calls Using Convolutional Neural Networks Rasmussen, J. H.; Irovi, A.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansT Ð TelemetryRead, A. J. 2009Book Chapter A SIFT-Based Software System for the Photo-Identification of the Risso' Dolphin Ren˜, V.; Dimauro, G.; Labate, G.; et al.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansUpdate on Frequency Decline of Northeast Pacific Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Calls Rice, A.; Irovi, A.; Hildebrand, J. A.; et al.2022Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansMarine Mammals and NoiseRichardson, J. W.; Greene, C. R.; Malme, C. I.; et al.1995Book NoiseMarine MammalsCoastal Marine Mammal Conservation Using Thermal Imaging-Based Detection SystemsRichter, S.; Yurk, H.; Winterl, A.; et al.2024Journal Article Marine MammalsUsing Air-Deployed Passive Sonobuoys to Detect and Locate Critically Endangered North Pacific Right Whales Rone, B. K.; Berchok, C. L.; Crance, J. L.; et al.2012Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAcoustic Monitoring and Analyses of Air Gun, Pile Driving, Vessel, and Ambient Sounds During the 2015 Seismic Surveys on the Sakhalin ShelfRutenko, A. N.; Zykov, M. M.; Gritsenko, V. A.; et al.2022Journal Article Collaborative Whale Detection Technology Evaluation Virtual Workshop Series: Session 1 Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative and Marine Technology Society2024Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansCollaborative Whale Detection Technology Evaluation Virtual Workshop Series: Session 2Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative and Marine Technology Society2024Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansCollaborative Whale Detection Technology Evaluation Virtual Workshop Series: Session 3Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative and Marine Technology Society2024Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansUnderstanding Marine Mammal Presence in the Virginia Offshore Wind Energy AreaSalisbury, D.; Estabrook, B.; Klinck, H.; et al.2018ReportWind Energy Marine Mammals, CetaceansEvidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predatorsSavoca, M. S.; Nevitt, G. A.2014Journal Article Multispectral Observations of Marine MammalsSchoonmaker, J.; Dirbas, J.; Podobna, Y.; et al.2008Journal Article Marine MammalsAutomated Detection and Enumeration of Marine Wildlife Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Thermal ImagerySeymore, A. C.; Dale, J.; Hammill, M.; et al.2017Journal Article Marine Mammals, PinnipedsDeep Neural Networks for Automated Detection of Marine Mammal SpeciesShiu, Y.; Palmer, K. J.; Roch, M. A.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine MammalsReport of a Workshop to Identify and Assess Technologies to Reduce Ship Strikes of Large WhalesSilber, G. K.; Bettridge, S.; Cottingham, D.2009Report Marine Mammals, CetaceansBlue and Fin Whale Call Source Levels and Propagation Range in the Southern OceanIrovi, A.; Hildebrand, J. A.; Wiggins, S. M.2007Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansA Field Comparison of Marine Mammal Detections via Visual, Acoustic, and Infrared (IR) Imaging Methods Offshore Atlantic CanadaSmith, H. R.; Zitterbart, D. P.; Norris, T. F.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine MammalsDetection Probability SimulationSMRU Consulting2024Website South Fork Wind Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Monitoring During Windfarm ConstructionSouth Fork Wind2024ReportWind Energy Marine Mammals Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative ImpactsSouthall, B.; Morse, L.; Williams, K. A.; et al.2021ReportWind Energy Marine MammalsBehavioural Responses of Fin Whales to Military Mid-Frequency Active SonarSouthall, B. L.; Allen, A. N.; Calambokidis, J.; et al.2023Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansLong-Range Acoustic Detection and Localization of Blue Whale Calls in the Northeast Pacific Ocean Stafford, K. M.; Fox, C. G.; Clark, D. S.1998Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansPassive Acoustic Tracking of Singing Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a Northwest Atlantic Feeding GroundStanistree, J. E.; Risch, D.; Van Parijs, S. M.2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) for Monitoring Marine Mammals: Challenges and Opportunities [Mini Review]Suarez-Bregua, P.; Alvarez-Gonzalez, M.; Parsons, K. M.; et al.2022Journal Article Tracking Sperm Whales with a Towed Acoustic Vector SensorThode, A.; Skinner, J.; Scott, P.; et al.2010Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansPassive Acoustic Monitoring for Estimating Animal DensityThomas, L.; Marques, T. A.2012Journal Article Mysticete SoundsThompson, T. J.; Winn, H. E.; Perkins, P. J.1979Book Chapter Marine Mammals, CetaceansThree-Dimensional Localization of Sperm Whales Using a Single HydrophoneTiemann, C. O.; Thode, A. M.; Straley, J.; et al.2006Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans50 to 30-Hz Triplet and Singlet Down Sweep Vocalizations Produced by Sei Whales (Balaenoptera borealis) in the Western North Atlantic OceanTremblay, C. J.; Van Parijs, S. M.; Cholewiak, D.2019Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansThe Photographic Determination of Group Size, Composition, and Stability of Coastal Porpoises (Tursiops truncatus)WŸrsig, B.; WŸrsig, M.1977Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansFerries and Environmental DNA: Underway Sampling from Commercial Vessels Provides New Opportunities for Systematic Genetic Surveys of Marine BiodiversityValsecchi, E.; Arcangeli, A.; Lombardi, R.; et al.2021Journal Article Passive Acoustic Monitoring from Fixed Platform ObservatoriesVan der Schaar, M.; AndrŽ, M.; E. Delory; et al.2017Report Management and Research Applications of Real-Time and Archival Passive Acoustic Sensors Over Varying Temporal and Spatial ScalesVan Parijs, S. M.; Clark, C. W.; Sousa-Lima, R. S.; et al.2009Journal Article NOAA and BOEM Minimum Recommendations for Use of Passive Acoustic Listening Systems in Offshore Wind Energy Development Monitoring and Mitigation ProgramsVan Parijs, S. M.; Baker, K.; Carduner, J.; et al.2021Journal ArticleWind EnergyNoiseMarine MammalsComparing Methods Suitable for Monitoring Marine Mammals in Low Visibility Conditions During Seismic SurveysVerfuss, U. K.; Gillespie, D.; Gordon, J.; et al.2018Journal Article Marine MammalsLow Visibility Real-Time Monitoring Techniques ReviewVerfuss, U. K.; Gillespie, D.; Gordon, J.; et al.2016Report Array Stability on Instantaneous Localization of Marine Mammalsvon Benda-Beckmann, A. M.; Beerens, S. P.; van IJsselmuide, S. P.2013Journal Article Marine MammalsAcoustic Detection and Satellite-Tracking Leads to Discovery of Rare Concentration of Endangered North Pacific Right WhalesWade, P.; Heide-J¿rgensen, M. P.; Shelden, K.; et al.2006Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansEstimating Source Position Accuracy of a Large-Aperture Hydrophone Array for BioacousticsWahlberg, M.; M¿hl, B.; Teglberg, M. P.2001Journal Article The Development of Automated Detection Techniques for Passive Acoustic Monitoring as a Tool for Studying Beaked Whale Distribution and Habitat Preferences in the California Current EcosystemYack, T. M.2013Thesis Marine Mammals, CetaceansFeasibility on Infrared Detection of Cetaceans for Avoiding Collision with HydrofoilYonehara, Y.; Kagami, L.; Yamada, H.; et al.2012Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansDetecting, Classifying, and Counting Blue Whale Calls with Siamese Neural Networks Zhong, M.; Torterotot, M.; Branch, T. A.; et al.2021Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansRange Estimation of Cetaceans with Compact Volumetric ArraysZimmer, W. M. X. 2013Journal Article Marine Mammals, CetaceansAutomatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise ImpactsZitterbart, D. P.; Kindermann, L.; Burkhardt, E.; et al.2013Journal Article NoiseMarine Mammals, CetaceansScaling the Laws of Thermal Imaging-Based Whale DetectionZitterbart, D. P.; Smith, H. R.; Flau, M.; et al.2020Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans DA - 2025/01// PY - 2025 SP - 105 PB - California Ocean Alliance SN - PNNL-37249 NREL/TP-5000-92549 LA - English KW - Wind Energy KW - Fixed Offshore Wind KW - Noise KW - Marine Mammals KW - Cetaceans ER -